When institutions forget whom they serve

Why This Matters

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&lt;!-- ===== OPENING ===== --&gt; &lt;header class=&quot;sc-hero&quot; id=&quot;sc-hero&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-stage&quot; id=&quot;sc-stage&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;frame&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;sc-hero-img&quot; data-img=&quot;hero&quot; alt=&quot;The Supreme Court of Pakistan, its stepped portal facing the grand staircase&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-grain&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-hero-title&quot; id=&quot;sc-hero-title&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;kicker&quot;&gt;Prism&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h1 class=&quot;sc-h1&quot;&gt;When institutions forget whom they serve&lt;/h1&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;Athar Minallah&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-cue&quot; id=&quot;sc-cue&quot;&gt;Scroll&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-hero-credit&quot;&gt;Photograph © foto-momo.com&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-dark&quot; id=&quot;sc-dark&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-light&quot; id=&quot;sc-light&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/header&gt; &lt;!-- ===== STORY ===== --&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-body&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-col&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;lead&quot;&gt;At the terminus of Islamabad’s major axial boulevard, next to the house of elected representatives, rises up a brutalist vessel of white concrete and marble. Within it sits the court charged with interpreting the charter whose name its address bears. Every judge who enters the Supreme Court of Pakistan’s portals takes an oath to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution. Yet the building complex itself, its entrances and even the plaques affixed to its walls belie that oath, recording instead elite capture and the repeated suppression of the will of the people.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pakistan’s Constitution could not be framed immediately after the nation attained independence as a sovereign state. The elected representatives in the Constituent Assembly had reached a consensus, but that consensus was unacceptable to the unelected centres of power. The assembly was dismissed, and the federal court contrived the doctrines of lack of assent and necessity to legitimise the suppression of the people’s will. Those doctrines became the foundation of constitutional deviation, which continued to cast its shadow until the dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of 1971 temporarily subdued the unelected centres of power. The elected leadership of what remained of Pakistan came together and gave the nation a constitution based on consensus — even if this came about more than two decades after independence. It was, nevertheless, a remarkable achievement. This Constitution survived in its true form only, however, until 1977, when it was placed in abeyance by a military ruler. The country was left without a constitution, yet one of Islamabad’s grandest boulevards has continued to be a signifier for it.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;section class=&quot;sc-plate bleed&quot; aria-label=&quot;Plate I: the capital on paper, 1960&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-head&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt;The capital on paper · 1960&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plate-nav&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;prev&quot; aria-label=&quot;Previous image&quot;&gt;←&lt;/button&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;next&quot; aria-label=&quot;Next image&quot;&gt;→&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;strip&quot;&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;masterplan&quot; alt=&quot;Islamabad master plan for the metropolitan area, 1960&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;Islamabad Master Plan, 1960. Doxiadis Associates, Summary of Final Programme and Plan, no. 37 (DOX-PA 93), Sept 1960. Via Mahsud (2008)&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-bar&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/section&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;sc-strip bleed&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;strip-scroll&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;elevation&quot; alt=&quot;Elevation of the capital complex: executive, legislative and judicial buildings in one line&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;figcaption class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Executive, legislative, judicial. Doxiadis Associates, The Administrative Functions. Via Mohr (2009)&lt;/figcaption&gt; &lt;/figure&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;aside class=&quot;m L photo&quot;&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;tange&quot; alt=&quot;Kenzō Tange as a young man, holding a camera&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Kenzō Tange, 1913–2005. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/aside&gt; &lt;p&gt;This sculpting of space conveys a simple but profound message: those seeking justice matter. Indeed, the desire to welcome litigants motivated the designs of the buildings of the Lahore and Sindh high courts which were built by colonial rulers. The design of the Supreme Court reflected the same philosophy as envisioned by its Japanese architect, the legendary Kenzō Tange.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The complex opens with a spacious courtyard adorned by star-shaped fountains intended to calm the anxieties of those approaching the court. From here, the eye is pulled towards a grand staircase that culminates in a magnificent double-leaf wood portal whose scale and grandeur were meant to inspire confidence that the majesty of justice belonged to the litigants, not to those who dispensed it.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Beyond this entrance looms another great wooden door, opening into an awe-inducing central hall. Its soaring ceiling, crowning the vast open space and eliciting a careful play of light, was designed to evoke dignity, confidence and hope. From this hall, five great doors lead to the Court’s principal courtrooms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;The entire architectural journey was conceived to assure every litigant that, before a single word was spoken in a courtroom, justice awaited them. The judges were never intended to enter through this ceremonial route.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Instead, Kenzō Tange designed separate entrances for them through winding corridors. The symbolism was deliberate. Judges were not the focus of the institution; they were its servants. Guided through these corridors by court officials, they would arrive quietly at their courtrooms, reminded that they were there to perform a constitutional duty in service of those seeking justice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As the building neared completion, however, the then chief justice of Pakistan and his brother judges objected to entering through the corridors. They wanted to use the grand entrance that was intended for litigants. The judges, in their view, were more important than the litigants. Kenzō Tange refused.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;section class=&quot;sc-plate bleed&quot; aria-label=&quot;Plate II: around the building&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-head&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;II&lt;/b&gt;Around the building&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plate-nav&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;prev&quot; aria-label=&quot;Previous image&quot;&gt;←&lt;/button&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;next&quot; aria-label=&quot;Next image&quot;&gt;→&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;strip&quot;&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;ramp&quot; alt=&quot;A side path running up beside the Supreme Court&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;A side approach to the building. Photograph: Farhan Afsar&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;gardenPink&quot; alt=&quot;The Supreme Court seen from its gardens&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;The Court from its gardens. Photograph: Farhan Afsar&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;sideWall&quot; alt=&quot;The Supreme Court seen from the side, behind a marble wall&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;The Court from the side. Photograph: Farhan Afsar&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-bar&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/section&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;The architect understood that their wishes would require more than a minor architectural modification. It was a wish to subvert the very principle upon which the design had been conceived: a building that welcomed litigants would be transformed into one that instead celebrated judges. Unable to persuade Tange, the authorities compelled him to leave Pakistan. He never returned. Another architect was engaged to alter the design in accordance with the wishes of the then chief justice of Pakistan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since then, litigants have wandered through the maze of corridors originally intended for judges, often struggling to find the courtroom in which their cases are listed. The magnificent entrance conceived for them has remained closed, opened primarily when chief justices and judges descend the grand staircase for ceremonial group photographs, smiling for the cameras on steps that were never intended for them.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Even the plaques tell a story.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;aside class=&quot;m L photo&quot;&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;plaqueZAB&quot; alt=&quot;Plaque: this foundation stone was laid by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister, on 23rd March 1976&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Foundation stone laid by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 23 March 1976. Photograph: Farhan Afsar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/aside&gt; &lt;aside class=&quot;m R photo&quot;&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;plaqueBB&quot; alt=&quot;Plaque: ground breaking for the building of the Supreme Court performed by Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister, 1989&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Ground-breaking performed by Benazir Bhutto, October 1989. Photograph: Farhan Afsar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/aside&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the top of the grand staircase, on one side, is the plaque commemorating Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who laid the foundation stone in 1976. On the opposite side is the plaque of Benazir Bhutto, who performed the ground-breaking ceremony in 1989. Between the two entrances are plaques commemorating Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, who inaugurated both the completion of the building and its commencement as the seat of the Supreme Court. All three were elected prime ministers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;One was sent to the gallows by the very court housed in the building he had helped establish. Four decades later, the same court acknowledged that his execution amounted to a judicial murder, yet no one was ever held accountable. Another saw her elected government dismissed, an act that was validated by the same institution. The third was disqualified from office by the very court whose building he had inaugurated. Were these merely coincidences or manifestations of an altered mindset?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Do the vision of an architect, the plaques and the Constitution together tell a deeper story, one that we have chosen not to confront?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;When I was elevated as the chief justice of the Islamabad High Court, one of my first priorities was to move the District Courts from the rented shops in a congested commercial area to a purpose-built judicial complex that would be accessible and worthy of the litigants it was meant to serve. Those courts had functioned in those deplorable conditions for almost forty years. Litigants, already burdened by anxiety and hardship, wandered through their cramped corridors and makeshift premises that conveyed neglect rather than dignity. It was the capital of Pakistan, yet no one seemed to notice. Perhaps they did and simply chose to look the other way. Why? Because the elite rarely have reason to enter District Courts. Those courts serve ordinary citizens, the very people whose labour and taxes sustain the state and enable the privileged to prosper.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The plan for a modern judicial complex was approved after vigorously pursuing the executive. I was asked to perform the ground-breaking ceremony and unveil a plaque bearing my name. I declined. I had never placed my name on a plaque, nor did I wish to begin then. My concern was not recognition but the early completion of the project. I wanted the elected executive to take ownership of it. The then prime minister, Imran Khan, was therefore asked to oblige and give his name to the plaque.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The judicial complex was completed during my tenure, and the District Courts were successfully moved there before I was elevated to the Supreme Court. After I began serving as chief justice, the same courts housed in that complex convicted the former prime minister Imran Khan hastily in multiple cases. The plaque bearing his name remains at the entrance.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;section class=&quot;sc-plate bleed&quot; aria-label=&quot;Plate III: from above&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-head&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;III&lt;/b&gt;From above&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plate-nav&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;prev&quot; aria-label=&quot;Previous image&quot;&gt;←&lt;/button&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;next&quot; aria-label=&quot;Next image&quot;&gt;→&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;strip&quot;&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;aerial&quot; alt=&quot;Aerial view of Constitution Avenue and the administrative sector, 2009&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;Constitution Avenue and the administrative sector from above, 2009. Via Mohr (2009)&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;aerialCourt&quot; alt=&quot;The Supreme Court seen from above, 2009&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;The Supreme Court from above, 2009. Via Mohr (2009)&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;slide&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;fig35&quot; alt=&quot;Plan of the administrative sector, 30 September 1960, with labels&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;Administrative sector plan, 30 September 1960. Doxiadis Associates, Summary of Final Programme and Plan; labels by Mohr (2009)&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;plate-bar&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/section&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;Was that, too, merely a coincidence, or a repetition of what had happened to three former prime ministers whose names were embedded in the marble walls of the Supreme Court building?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Subsequently, I was appointed chairman of the committee for the Supreme Court Museum, which is visited by students from across Pakistan wishing to learn about the history of the institution. Yet what they encounter is often a carefully curated, misleading narrative rather than a complete one, reflecting the same distortions that have too often characterised the teaching of Pakistan’s constitutional history.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;I believed the museum should tell the institution’s story honestly, with all its triumphs and its failures. I therefore invited lawyers, academics, historians and intellectuals, including many who had been among the institution’s strongest critics. The first meeting was thoughtful and productive. We discussed how the museum could present a more truthful account of the court’s constitutional journey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;aside class=&quot;m R photo&quot;&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;group&quot; alt=&quot;Participants of the museum committee meeting standing together on the steps of the Supreme Court&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Citizens on the steps of the Supreme Court. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/aside&gt; &lt;p&gt;After the meeting, I took the participants outside to the grand staircase to show them the plaques and explain the story they silently told. We then stood together for a group photograph. For perhaps the first time, those steps were occupied not by judges, but by citizens reflecting upon the history of the institution. Someone posted the photograph on social media. By that evening, all hell had broken loose. The question was not what had been discussed. The objection was that critics of the institution had been invited into the Supreme Court. Ultimately, I was removed as chairman of the committee.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;One of my aspirations had been to restore the story of the building itself. I had hoped that, once the museum honestly reflected its history, it could be inaugurated by his widow, Takako Tange. It would have been a fitting tribute to the architect whose vision had been compromised but never defeated.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kenzō Tange passed away in 2005. His name lives on as one of the greatest architects of the twentieth century. His buildings continue to inspire generations around the world. The chief justices and judges who insisted upon altering his vision have long faded into obscurity. History has added another irony. The office of the chief justice, whose occupant insisted on altering Kenzō Tange’s vision of the building by placing judges above litigants, has itself disappeared from the Constitution behind a façade of constitutional reforms. The last holder of that office is now remembered only by a title that no longer exists in constitutional majesty as the head of the apex court. It is a poignant reminder that offices and those who occupy them are transient. Yet the consequences of their decisions remain.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;figure class=&quot;sc-strip bleed&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;strip-scroll&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wipe&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-img=&quot;perspective&quot; alt=&quot;Perspective of the administrative sector: ministries, presidential palace, parliament and Supreme Court&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;figcaption class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Perspective of the final administrative sector design. Doxiadis Associates, The Spirit of Islamabad. Via Mohr (2009)&lt;/figcaption&gt; &lt;/figure&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;The building was designed for a Supreme Court worthy of its name, a court whose authority flowed from the Constitution and whose first loyalty was to the people. Today, across Constitution Avenue, another court has emerged whose jurisprudence binds the Supreme Court itself. The court for which Kenzō Tange designed this magnificent building is no longer supreme.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Supreme Court building tells a story that extends far beyond architecture. Its altered design, its plaques and the constitutional fate of the elected leaders whose names are engraved upon them narrate the history of Pakistan’s constitutional journey — a history of interrupted democracy, institutional accommodation and the recurring triumph of unelected power over the will of the people.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Buildings, like constitutions, embody ideas. They reveal what a society chooses to honour and what it chooses to forget. The Supreme Court is more than marble, wood and architecture. Kenzō Tange designed it to place the litigant at the centre and the judge in service of the litigant. The building remains unchanged. The architecture survived, but the philosophy did not.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;chunk&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;The plaques outside the Supreme Court or the District Courts remember those who helped to build them only to see the people’s will repeatedly be subordinated to power. For the past seventy-seven years, judicial independence has been compromised in the name of expediency, and now even its constitutional promise has been erased from the Constitution after the 27th Amendment. We remember the names, preserve the plaques and drive past the marble. But have we learned the lesson? The answer is obvious: an emphatic no. The symbols of justice have been preserved while the institution has been hollowed out.&lt;span class=&quot;end-mark&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- ===== CLOSING ===== --&gt; &lt;footer class=&quot;sc-outro rv-self&quot;&gt; &lt;img data-img=&quot;hero&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;door l&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;door r&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;sc-credits&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Text · Athar Minallah&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Photographs · Farhan Afsar · Foto Momo/Facebook&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Archival plans · Doxiadis Associates, via Ahmed-Zaib K. Mahsud (2007, 2008) and Robert Allen Mohr (2009)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;cap&quot;&gt;Prism · Dawn.com&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/footer&gt; &lt;script&gt; (function(){ /* Image web addresses (Dawn picture library). 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